Por Grace Mitchell Tada, Asociada de ASLA
Según Plinio, los médicos del emperador romano Tiberio dieron instrucciones a su encargado de consumir una fruta de la familia de las Cucurbitáceas todos los días. Para cultivar estos melones y pepinos durante todo el año en su isla natal de Capri, Tiberio dirigió la construcción de specularia: “[Él] había elevado camas hechas en marcos sobre ruedas, por medio de las cuales los Cucumis eran movidos y expuestos a pleno calor del sol; mientras que, en invierno, eran retirados y colocados bajo la protección de marcos vidriados con piedra de espejo ”.
Así comienza El Conservatorio: Jardines bajo cristal. Ilustrando su texto con fotografías impresionantes, los autores Alan Stein y Nancy Virts, cofundadores de los Conservatorios Tanglewood de Maryland, examinan la evolución del invernadero en Europa, América del Norte y, en última instancia, el mundo. El conservatorio, una consecuencia del comercio mundial, el imperialismo y la innovación, encarna un salto histórico en la unión de la arquitectura y la arquitectura del paisaje: la extensión de la temporada de crecimiento mediante la manipulación de las salidas del sol.
Después de la specularia, la siguiente gran innovación en las plantas de hibernación no se produjo hasta la llegada de las naranjas a Europa a finales del siglo XV. Las estructuras de madera y piedra llamadas naranjas protegían a los cítricos de las bajas temperaturas. Al principio meramente funcionales, estos edificios se volvieron cada vez más extravagantes, alcanzando la máxima opulencia en el siglo XVII en el Versalles de Luis XIV. Allí, el invernadero, de 492 pies de largo y 42 pies de alto con ventanas dobles y paredes gruesas, calentó más de 1,000 naranjos.
Con la innovación material vino un cambio de intención. En lugar de jardines de placer para los ricos, los invernaderos también se convirtieron en centros de investigación para estudiar el valor medicinal e industrial de las plantas que albergaban. The Palm House (1848) en el Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew en Inglaterra encarnó particularmente esta transición. El invernadero no solo presentó el primer uso estructural de hierro forjado a una escala tan grande, sino que también fue gratuito para el público, y el centro de investigación de Kew sirvió como modelo para los invernaderos de todo el mundo.
North Americans, too, replicated the British conservatory model. They didn’t have an empire, but they had their own brand of colonialism, and, “Like the Europeans, Americans needed places to conserve and study what had been found.” New York built its own Crystal Palace (1853); San Francisco erected its Conservatory of Flowers (1879); and Pittsburgh, the Phipps Conservatory (1893). Conservatories became integrated with the City Beautiful movement, whose romanticized parks often included glasshouses, like those in Baltimore and Chicago.
Throughout this progression, as note Marc Hachadourian and Todd Forrest in the volume’s introduction, “the history of conservatory design is the history of humankind’s obsession with cultivating rare, exotic, useful, and beautiful plants.” As such, it is often a history of the elite, as those with the means to obsess over such plants have usually been those of power and wealth—a fact made clear in The Conservatory. But also as such, the history of conservatory design is a history of those who labored in the conservatories, the factory workers of the industrial revolution, and the territories from which the conservatory plants were snatched, newly “discovered.”
The authors do not eschew the problematic imperial stimulus behind conservatories. And they importantly note that, in the days of orangeries, the primary difference between European and American versions was their work force: American orangeries were built and maintained by enslaved people. Yet this volume begs more such admissions and revelations. As Kofi Boone, FASLA, writes: “what if landscape architecture were described with some acknowledgement of the dynamics of race, class, gender, and power?” Baltimore’s Druid Hill Park, in which sat the Peters Rawlings Conservatory (1888), mandated recreational segregated facilities for Black and white individuals until the 1950s. What bearing did this racial division have on visitors to the conservatory?
The history of conservatories also prompts inquiry into their present-day purposes as we struggle to chart new habits beyond our imperial and colonial pasts. Most historic structures have rightly dedicated themselves to education and research, and, along with newly constructed ones, have become leaders in environmental efforts and stewards of biodiversity. Kew, for instance, has played a critical role in protecting Taxus wallichinana, a Nepalese plant from which an anti-cancer drug derives. Though, these initiatives, too, can be seen as a contemporary embodiment of the same problematic worldview that birthed the structures: a worldview that collects, “protects,” controls, and systematizes the exotic Other.
The modern structures, like their antecedents, exemplify technological advance and trends. Kew’s Princess of Wales Conservatory (1989), also a modern research institution, was recognized for its energy conservation. The two conservatories at Parc André Citroën (1992) in Paris stand upright through tension cables that underpin skins of glass. Amazon’s Spheres (2018) at its corporate headquarters in Seattle bring nature to its employees so they may “think more collaboratively and creatively” (there are certainly much more cynical interpretations).
And yet, what if a modern conservatory were rooted in and respectful of place and culture, rather than exploitative of them? One of the book’s few glasshouses from the Southern Hemisphere, Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay (2012), offers an example in part. Climate change takes center stage at its Cloud Forest, where the visitor ascends the 135-foot thickly vegetated Cloud Mountain. The path winds through different sections, among them “Lost World, “Earth Check,” and “+5 Degrees,” each revealing calamitous effects of a changing climate on plants. The anthropological alterations of the planet may have themselves altered the gesture of the conservatory. Our longstanding obsession to cultivate plants divorced from site — of a piece with the driving forces of the climate crisis — has turned out to be a preemptive salve: the modern conservatory has germ in the earth that was.
Indeed, from the current vantage point, a visit to a conservatory does seem of the past. In the Covid-19 era, who would elect an indoor nature over that outdoors? But this moment will likely pass, and The Conservatory makes a persuasive argument for the role of conservatories in our contemporary world. The authors’ passion for the structures, and their admiration for the assiduity required to erect and tend them, similarly convinces the reader of their magic.
Grace Mitchell Tada, Associate ASLA, is with Hood Design Studio and co-editor of the new book Black Landscapes Matter.